Three Years of War in Sudan: Major Events and the Changing Dynamics Behind the Conflict.

Three years after the outbreak of war in Sudan on 15 April 2023, the conflict has evolved far beyond a military confrontation between the SAF and the RSF. It has become a nationwide crisis that has fundamentally reshaped the state, society, and economy, pushing the country into one of the most complex periods in its post-independence history. The impact of the war has extended well beyond the battlefield—reaching the political sphere, altering territorial control dynamics, disrupting the daily lives of civilians, and accelerating the collapse of public institutions, essential services, social protection systems, and livelihoods.

Over the past three years, what began as an acute political and military shock has transformed into a protracted, multi-layered conflict characterized by armed violence, deepening political and social fragmentation, economic decline, widespread human rights violations, mass displacement, and the deterioration of health and education services. Large parts of Sudan have become increasingly fragile spaces shaped by shifting military control, where state institutions are either absent or functioning only partially and unevenly.

Drawing on the continuous monitoring conducted by the Youth Citizens Observer Network (YCON), this report finds that the past three years represent more than a sequence of events—they reflect a trajectory of escalating structural deterioration. Sudan has moved from a political and security crisis to a crisis affecting both the state and society. Throughout this period, civilians have borne the greatest burden of the conflict, facing violence, displacement, loss of income, collapsing public services, disrupted education, and reduced access to healthcare, food, and protection.

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Three Years of War in Sudan.pdf

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